Beauty and the Beast: An Artistic Tale as Old as Time

Beauty and the Beast is one of my favorite childhood movies. The animation, the characters and the songs make it easy to fall in love with. The story between a beautiful girl who doesn’t fit in and a beast who has been cursed till he learns to love coming together to form a classic love story has earned its place in film history.

This animated film was released in November of 1991 after 3 years of intense work by a large, talented team of directors, producers, animator and actors. Leading this team was co-directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise. The idea of creating a film based on this classic story began in the 1930’s and was revisited again in the 1950’s, but it was not until this new group of filmmakers united in the 1980’s that the idea became formed enough to be possible. Most of these artists were fresh out of art school and they were trying to develop the next generation of art that was on par with some of the original Disney Classics such as Snow White (1937).

The first writing of the Beauty and the Beast began with a non-musical form with a much darker vision in 18^th century France. After six months of work on this vision the preliminary storyboards were return to the Chairmen at Disney and they were rejected. The movie was not going in the direction they wanted so they switched up the team and writer Linda Woolverton was added in order to get the project fueled. This was her first time developing a screenplay for a full-length animated film but she did a wonderful job. I think with her combination of witty lines and new inclusion of songs it helped lift up the movie and create development for the backstory that makes everything believable. Woolverton later went on to develop the screenplay for The Lion King (1994), and was the writer of the recently released Maleficent (2014).

Early animation test for the Beast. A much darker, scary look than the final character.

At this point they saw that music would be an essential part of this film. This is when Alan Menken and Howard Ashman were added to the film. This is the point where the project began to take place and develop in to the classic that it is today. With Alan Menken as the composer and Howard Ashman as the lyricist, they transformed the project into a musical. This team had just finished working on The Little Mermaid (1989), and the directing team was hoping that they could continue that success in this film. They were able to far exceed the director’s expectations. In the end they developed 25 minutes of original songs for the film, and of the 84 minutes of film, only 5 minutes are without any music score. They were able to develop songs that created meaning and explained the story’s emotions in a way that could not be done during the early tries at the film. These include Be Our Guest, Something There, Belle and Tale as Old as Time.

Another change that was created with the new team was the idea that the household items in the enchanted castle would be the staff that was in the house at the time of the curse. This created a new dynamic to the film allowing for light comedy to inputted by many secondary characters. Some of the most well known of these characters is Cogsworth and Lumiere. Cogsworth, a clock, was an executive in the household keeping everyone on schedule and in line while Lumiere, a candelabra, was the fiery maître d’ who loves to serve. These characters helped create a depth to the story and communicate a wider range of emotions. I think these characters helped connect the audience with the Beast, even when he seemed very cold. In this fun clip below Cogsworth explains the artistic influences of the castle!

 

Angry Beast

The Beast is a fine example of what animation can create. He is not just a bear, or a buffalo or wolf, he a combination of many various creatures to form something completely new. It is an amazing art form to develop a creature like this in the animated world. If this was done in the traditional live action form it could take many hours of costuming to get a similar effects. The animation also allowed for emotions to be easily expressed in the Beast’s face that may have been difficult to do in a costume.

To create the Beast’s scary animalistic voice, the sound editors took Robby Beson’s voice of the Beast and altered it with the growls of lions and panthers to create the sound heard until the Beast it transformed back into a human and is not longer altered.

Besides, the emotions of the beast, animators were also able to connect him and Belle through the use of color. Using a technique called color-coding, Belle and the Beast were the only two characters to wear the color blue. This color was used to symbolize their isolation and signify how different they were from everyone else. During the scene where Belle is exploring town and the towns people are remarking about how odd she is, the blue color of her dress stands out from the more mundane browns, greens and reds that everyone else is wearing. Until she meets the Beast no one else shares the color. I think it is a great way to link the characters and show that even though she was in a town full of people, she is just as isolated as the Beast in his castle. This color-coding is continued with Gaston, the villain, who is always seen wearing red symbolizing evil.

The symbolism of the Beast becoming more human is also seen as he begins to wear more clothes, as he grows fonder of Belle showing his transformation from a very animalistic form.

Her blue dress shows her isolation from everyone in town.

The soft details in the background draw your focus to the characters

Many of the tricks used in this film are based on the artfulness of animation. These tools created the film and help fix many of the issues that had gotten in the way on earlier projects. The film uses a combination of hand drawn characters and painted backgrounds. The film is set in an unspecific location in France with a loose time frame. This allowed the artist to have free expression when creating the castle. The style is unspecific to France or England, but it is a created storybook castle. Many of the backgrounds feature soft lines and stylistic choices that are similar to the romantic period. I think these really added to the look of the film and made it quite enchanting. The backgrounds are beautiful in there own right but softer lines help you focus on the characters in the scene.

At one point in the film, the use of a more defined background is used to showcase the chandelier. This particular scene is one of my favorites in the movie. I think the artistic animation is perfectly showcased and the way the shot moves from the high ceiling to just below Belle and the Beast dancing is something that could only be done on the animation drawing table.

This scene is also a great example of the experiments that were occurring with 3D like images. While most of the movie does not contain the depth and shadows exhibited in this scene, the use of colors and shadows allow for the special effects to make the chandelier pop out from the ceiling. The artist were able to combine this new computer technology with the hand drawn character making for an interesting new audience experience.

The manipulation of light is also another tool that is easily worked with in animation. In the scene where Belle and the Beast first meet, she is speaking to him while he is in the shadows. At this point in the film, the audience has not had a clear look at him so as he steps into the light and is reveled to Belle, he is also reveled to the audience. The use of high contrast lighting creates a harsh effect on the Beasts appearance and adds to his frightful look as he is first reveled. The hue of the castle also is very cool containing many grays and blues compared to Belle’s home which had more sunny and warm hues.

This contrast between Belle’s home and the ominous castle is further exhibited when the movie cuts from Philippe, Belle’s horse, running up with out her father, to Belle and Philippe arriving at the castle to see where he had gone to. The transition between the scenes does not include a fade, as a result it adds to the abruptness of the change.

 

With the magic of animation combined with the skillful film making of this fantastic group, the classic tale of Beauty and the Beast is told. This film has had major success since its release in 1991. To date the film has made $218,967,620. The film also was nominated and won many awards. Most notably was its Oscar nomination for Best Picture. It was the first animated film to ever be considered for that category. Although it lost that award to Silence of the Lambs (1991), it made history. It won the Oscar for Best Original Music Score and Original Song. Many, many other awards shows later, the movie earned 23 awards.

In the end this movie has been release three spate time, the original premiere in 1991, in 2002 for a restored extended addition where they added a new song, and again in 2012 where they transformed the movie into 3D. The Broadway musical ran from 1994 till 2007. The movie was followed up by two lesser-known sequels Beauty and the Beast: Enchanted Christmas (1997) and Belle’s Magical World (1998).

The success of this film ultimately lies with the audience love for this classic tale. The emotional story makes you feel the isolation and not fitting in, wanting for more in life than what the small town has to offer. There is love and tempers flying. Anger and fear. The emotional response to the film gives it it’s power to remain a classic that can be cherished for many years to come.

 

Works Cited 

Beauty and the Beast. Dir. Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise. By Linda Woolverton. Perf. Paige O’Hare and Robby Benson. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc., 1991. DVD.

“Beauty and the Beast.” IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 27 July 2014. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101414/?ref_=nv_sr_2&gt;.

“Cinematography.” Film School Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 July 2014. <http://filmschoolonline.com/sample_lessons/sample_lesson_cinematography.htm&gt;.

“Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones.” Film Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 July 2014. <http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects14.html&gt;.

 

 

 

 

 

A Virtual Exhibit: Conservation Through Wildlife Photography

The fascination with wildlife has been present in human society since the beginning. Originally, wildlife needed to be closely monitored to keep track of food sources and potential predators. As societies developed that fascination turned into a prize to be won. Trophy hunting has been a long-standing tradition for many generations. Taxidermy was an art form and if the royal and wealthy wanted to display their prizes, this was the way to go. Since that time, the view of wildlife has drastically changed. Although trophy hunting still occurs, scientists have a much better understanding of the necessity of wildlife in an ecosystem. With these developments many have chosen to continue to hunt wildlife around the world, but they have put down their guns and picked up a camera.

Aditya Sing- Sawai Madhopur, India, n.d.
http://www.ranthambhore.com

The Early Days of Wildlife Photography

Throughout the late 1800’s and early 1900’s photography was mainly used to document landscapes and people who were willing to sit still for long periods of time. Because it could take several minutes to process a photo it was difficult to focus on wildlife as a viable subject. Unpredictable actions, movements and equipment were large roadblocks to producing a viable artistic photograph instead of a blurry mess.

George Shiras took the first wildlife photograph published in a magazine in 1906 for the July issue of National Geographic. Although he succeeded in his task of capture wildlife on camera, you can see from the picture that the time between him trying to take the picture and when the actual picture was taken resulted in the deer being spooked as jumping away from the camera. It would be many more decades till the technology developed enough to sustain a new art form.

George Shiras, National Geographic, July 1906

Documenting Nature

By the 1970’s environmentalism was sweeping the United States. People were more than ever aware of their environment and how much damage had already been done. The Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 had brought wildlife to peoples attention. During this same time period the development of the camera had reached a level where the shutter speed was well suited to snapping fast photography with limited disturbance to the subject being photographed.

Photography of Endangered species became an important form of public awareness. Photographs showed the beauty of these creatures that were on the brink of extinction. The hope was that these photos of snow leopards, tigers and panda would hopefully save their species, not just document their existence for biological textbooks. Although many artist set out into the wildlife to carefully hunt their targets without disturbance, one photographer, James Balog, took a different route.

Balog has been a leader in Naturalist photography since the 1980’s. His work is focused on the impacts of climate change around the world. He began the documenting many glaciers and creatures before they were determined threatened.

Asian Elephant SURVIVORS, published 1990, James Balog

In his collection titled Survivors he set out to photograph some of the worlds most endangered species outside of their natural habitat. He brought 62 endangered animals into a studio or setting controlled or influenced by humans. Contrary to what other conservationist were doing to protect species, Balog’s photographs do not skirt around the idea that these mass extinctions are cause by human influence on the dwindling habitat of wildlife.

Florida Panther SURVIVORS, published 1990: James Balog

 

I think that this collection is one of the most influential pieces of wildlife conservation art. Each photograph grabs at your attention. You cannot just glance at these photos and skip by. They have a thought provoking emotion tone specific to each animal. I think that it what I liked most about each one. The composition of each photograph seems to hold a meaning that animal’s natural history. With his photograph Asian Elephant, the large white sheet seems to let the elephant fade into to the picture. You can still feel the large power and mass of the creature but it is slowly disappearing in to this human landscape. In the wild, this has been the trend for those creatures. Slowly dwindling population numbers, fading away and no one will notice. The Florida Panther featured above served as the cover for his collection. Now, just 24 short years on the timescale of the Earth, there are less than 100 known Florida Panthers in the wild. Almost none of them are genetically pure bred. I think his photograph Florida Panther depicts how quickly this extinction is happening. Just like the flash of the camera and the surprise on the big cats face, the species is almost gone. Even with all the conservation efforts occurring, it is hard to stop the extinctions from continuing down their path.

Giant Panda SURVIVORS, published 1990: James Balog

The last piece I am show casing is his Giant Panda. I this was my favorite piece from his collection. The use of the theater for the backdrop and the white sheet is a stark contrast from where you would expect a panda to live. Except, a theater of sorts is where a panda is most likely to live. Kept is well-protected panda sanctuaries and zoos, they are harshly protected and have strict protocol to maintain their species. They are watched all over the world. Every panda cub born in a US zoo ends up on the news. This setting is able to convey how much change and influence humans have on this species.

Antarctic Innovations

Much of wildlife photography focuses on exotic rare animals throughout all lands. One of my favorite parts of wildlife photography are photographs of animals that are almost never found on land. With the development of camera technology and interesting growing in the rapidly changing poles, underwater wildlife photography is one of the most prestigious assignments given to a photographer.

One of the most famous polar underwater wildlife photographers is Paul Nicklen. He has been documenting changes in the poles since 1995. He grew up in the Canadian arctic and is a marine biologist. This experience along with scuba training for frigid water, he has been able to use extreme under water camera to capture a world only seen by a select few and the many creature that inhabit the waters.

Paul Nicklen-Rebreather Head Shot, Antarctica

Teamed up with National Geographic, Nicklen has been able to capture some of the most astonishing shot of the mysterious creatures. Some of his most popular shots come from his experiences with a Leopard Seal. While exploring the Antarctic waters he got himself and his camera face to face with a 800 pound seal.

“Leopard Seal” Paul Nicklen, Antarctica 2014

The story goes that the curious seal continued to interact with Nicklen. It had come to think that the large camera lens was this odd creatures mouth and that it could not fend for himself in the water. As a result this fierce creature tried to feed him penguins. Live ones, sick ones and dead ones, it continued to bring food for him and pushed it near the camera lens. It made for some fantastic shots that exhibit the beauty and curiosity of these animals. The underwater background of unlimited blues highlights the vastness of the ocean and how solitary the world is. His recordings of these animals help the world see how necessary these places are. When they hear that ice is melting and animals are loosing their habitat, it may not seem to have an impact. Pictures like these bring those words to life and people can connect with what they are trying to conserve.

“Leopard Seal” Paul Nicklen, Antarctica, 2014

Paul Nicklen is able to connect animals moving in their habitats with the beauty of nature. It is a very different approach compared to Balog but both cause people to look at the nature of this world. Nicklen’s well-timed shots allow for people to be transported to the moments of his pictures and get a special glimpse at the world. I think his photo’s of Emperor Penguins is a great show of the movement he is able to portray. The reflections on the surface of the water and the streams of bubbles makes it feel like these penguins just jumped in right on top of you.

“Emperor Penguins” Paul Nicklen, Ross Sea Antarctica, 2009

Photography has changed the way artist document to world. They are no longer subject to reporting everything with canvas and paint. They are able to use these snapshots in time to show the world what nature truly looks like. By using this art to document wildlife, photographers can become an advocate for a greater cause. They are documenting the natural history of the Earth and changing the way we view ecosystems. Discoveries can be recorded and shared instantaneously while bringing attention to a world that may never be seen, but is no less important that our everyday landscape. This art will forever preserve their species as a moment in time.

Works Cited

Balog, James. “Endangered Wildlife: 1987-1997.” James Balog Photography. James Balog Photography, 1990. Web. 27 July 2014. http://jamesbalog.com/portfolio/endangered-wildlife/

Harvey, Martin. “The History of Wildlife Photography Dates Back Far.” Martin Harvey Photography and Videography. N.p., n.d. Web. http://www.wildimagesonline.com/wildlife-photography/history-of-wildlife-photography.html

Nicklen, Paul. “Emperor Penguins.” Paul Nicklen Photography. N.p., 2009. Web. 27 July 2014. http://www.paulnicklen.com/

Shiras, George. “Milestones in Wildlife Photography — National Geographic.” National Geographic. National Geographic, 2013. Web. 27 July 2014.

http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/milestones-wildlife-photography/

 

The Invention of the Radio: A New Art Form Created

It was in 1906 in Brant Rock Massachusetts where Professor Reginald Fessenden was able to broadcast the first radio show. It was on Christmas Eve where he played Oh Holy Night on his violin and read Christmas story verses from the Bible. Professor Fessenden had created the first voice radio. This was an invention that would change the way society worked. The culture of America would soon revolve around this new mass communication tool, and with that new forms of entertainment would be born. This video below exhibits a recreation of the first radio broadcast.

The First Transmitted Opera

During the early first few years of the radio its popularity grew and it began to become more present in society. At the same time its technology was being used to prepare advanced war communications, a new entertainment industry began to emerge. After the first broadcast, a man named Lee Deforest continued to develop a business where people could listen to local shows across radio transmissions, like many were doing with telephones. His first experiment occurred on January 12^th, 1910 in New York City from the Metropolitan Opera. The subjects of his experiment were two operas, Cavalleria Rusticana by Perito Mascagni in Italy 1890 and I Pagliacci written by Ruggero Leoncavallo in Milan 1892. Using a Dictogaph to amplify the sounds and a transmitter from inside the Met, the operas could be experimentally broadcast with in a 50-mile radius of New York City. Although neither of these operas was from the Early Modern time period, they set the stage for radio to enter into homes as a form of entertainment. This was the first time a show could be heard for miles, without the use of a telephone connected directly to the theater. Below I have included one of the operas transmitted by Deforest. I think that the choices of these operas were used to draw in audiences. They were familiar shows that had been present at the met for many years and it was a classic opera piece show casing enjoyable music and a story line that could be followed well with out the visual component. Unfortunately, even with all of the technological advancements it was too difficult to pick up the sound of the performers and anyone listening on the other end was met with a faint sounds with about 90% less volume compared with the inside of the opera house.

The technological advancements of the radio had developed light years within a small time frame, it was still taking time for Americans to get technology that was easy and accessible enough to be put into every single home. This was further stalled in 1917 when all amateur radio stations were told to shut down. During this time of World War I, radio communication was essential to the Americans and interference from other sources could hinder their efforts, so they were removed. It was shut down for about a year, but during that time, the efforts that were used to improve war time communications, were also used to develop public communication

Delayed Start, Big Impact

It was in 1920 that the first radio broadcasting station, KDKA in Pittsburg Pennsylvania, received the first license for broadcast radio station. Within a short time, there were hundreds of broadcasting stations all across the country. By this time the radio had become easy enough to employ in very many homes. Many models during the early 20’s were known as Crystal Radios. They had a very soft noise emission so only one user could listen with headphones.

By the end of the 20’s the Radio had evolved in to a freestanding developed machine that could produce large amounts of sounds that could be enjoyed by the whole family.

Changes in Culture

The creation of the radio developed this new culture across the country. It was a mass culture. With a wide range of coverage, entertainment could be shared by many people, without discrimination. It allowed many of the uneducated who could not read to enjoy any audio stories, and music from across the country was shared through out. The music that was primarily shared was Jazz music. This was a new phenomenon that was being heard by many where the movement was not present, such as rural farms far from cities. The radio allowed for people to have access to music throughout the day, not just at a show. Some of the most popular musicians of the time were Black musicians who where part of the Harlem Renaissance such as Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith.

Louis Armstrong is one of the most Iconic musicians of his time and that popularity only fueled the growth of the radio. Music of this time had catchy lyrics that could be easily sung and rhythms that were smooth and invited dancing. One of my favorite songs by Armstrong is his La Vie En Rose. The instruments in this song really showcase the magical trumpet playing and the tune is very classic. I can just imagine people sitting down for a relaxing evening at home gathered around the radio and this song comes on and slow dancing commences. Many of Louis’ most famous song have this same sweet sound to them. Compared with music that came just 20 or 30 years prior, these sounds were something that had never been heard before.

After radio had successfully developed booming a mass media music and information industry, the world of opera was re-explored after its failed attempt in 1910. This time a new development known as soap operas was created in the 1930’s. The first soap opera was Clara, Lu, ‘n Em broadcasted from WGN-AM in Chicago. These shows were aimed at the housewife, who during the day was doing chores around the home. They told stories of wealth and family that would entertain wives throughout the day. These were also great opportunities to advertise various products that any good housewife in the 30’s could need! Any thing from medications to laundry soap to food. If wives were listening they would try to sell it. I thought the recording below was a very interesting look at entertainment of the day. Although any of the ideas are quite outdated, I think the entertainment value of the shows speaks to many aspects of society during these times. It was quite the phenomenon to have this type of distraction to make these days pass by faster. Unlike previous operas, these were much more accessible to everyday women who were not as educated or did not want to listen to complex music. Many of the episodes feature light comedy that I also find a bit fun. It would be very fun to follow the daily lives and stories of these many characters. Soap operas and other talk radio in general set the stage for the next step in entertainment, the television.

Design of the Radio, Center of the Home

Lastly, I wanted to discuss the design of the radio. As mass media grew in American cultures, the presence of the radio in a home increased. It was time that a family could spend together listening to the latest music or the news happening around the world. As a result, the radio took center stage in every living room as time went on. The design of the radio took on its own art form. Wood and craftsmanship were show cased through the many new designs that were being developed. I really enjoy the look of the late 1930’s radios. I think the impact of the Great Depression left a simplistic effect on many of the products being developed. At this time, the worst of the depression was over but many remained conservative about their belongings. Even with reluctancy to return to the opuclence of the Roaring 20’s, the radio still allowed a showcase of this woodworking artform that allowed music and shows to be shared with in a home. To me, many of the larger designs remind me of a fire place. Perhaps as people switched from sitting around a fire, to their radios they wanted to remain with a similar shape and design.

The impact of the radio forever changed the culture of America and it still remains and influences today. Without its invention, the advancement of communication and entertainment technology would have been drastically slowed during this important era in American media history.

 

Works Cited

BBC. “The USA a Nation of Contrasts 1920-1929.” BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 22 July 2014.http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/3culturesocietychanges3.shtml

“Grand Opera by Wireless (1910).” Grand Opera by Wireless (1910). N.p., n.d. Web. 22 July 2014.

http://earlyradiohistory.us/1910df1.htm

“KDKA Begins to Broadcast 1920.” PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 22 July 2014. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dt20ra.html

“Soap Operas during the Golden Age of Radio.” Soap Operas during the Golden Age of Radio. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 July 2014.http://www.otrcat.com/soap-opera-radio-shows.html

“WQXR – New York’s Classical Music Radio Station.” WQXR – New York’s Classical Music Radio Station. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 July http://www.wqxr.org/#!/story/11575-today-classical-music-history/

A Few Opinions – Impressionism

Impressionism. It all started in the 1870’s by a group of artist known as The Cooperative and Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers. The days of defined lines were gone and now they pushed for short brushstrokes and many more colors compared to previous artistic eras. This created a much more rough looking picture and often times lacking small details found in other styles. With the technology improving in photography, it was often simpler to have a photograph taken if you were trying to achieve a style with fine details and smooth lines, so impressionism was able to focus on more abstract pieces. It is a very different style compared to anything else that cam before it but it has had a lasting effect on what approaches artist take when creating paintings.

Claude Monet, The Artist Garden at Vetheuil, 1880, Oil on Canvas, Vetheuil France.

One of the earliest and most famous impressionist painters is Oscar-Claude Monet, who was one of the founding members of the Cooperative and Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers. His style inspired many of the other paintings to come out of this era. I think I tend to respond rather positively to most impressionistic paintings of various scenes depicting nature or people. I think this appeal is from the many colors used throughout. In this picture above, Monet’s The Artist Garden at Vetheuil 1880, I think his style makes the pictures pop. I think the style of imperfect brush strokes can make if feel more whimsical and childlike, perhaps how it feels for the children playing throughout the flowers. The colors are so bright and the contrast between the blue sky and the sunflowers just makes it feel like a warm summer day where you want nothing more than to be outside.

A Style Comparison
I think if Monet’s Garden painting was painted in a style such Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller’s Queen Marie Antoinette of France and two of her children walking in the park of Trianon (pictured below) it would feel like a very different subject matter. The Rococo style of this painting is much more prim and proper than children playing on a warm summer day. The focus is on the subjects of Marie Antoinette and her children. The light draws your eye to the people and the background is left dark. I enjoy that the Impressionistic style can leave a different impact each time you look at it. In Monet’s painting I have chosen to focus on the children in the garden, but you can just as easily be drawn to the lines of the house compared to the nature surrounding it.

Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller, Queen Marie Antoinette of France and two of her children walking in the park of Trianon, 1785, Oil on Canvas (Sweden, Nationalmuseum Stockholm)

Impressionism in Modern Times
I think Impressionism has had a long lasting effect on art. Today artist are free to use whatever styles they prefer and many follow the same ideas from this era. I would like to highlight a local Fairbanks artist, Nikki Kinne. Many of her watercolor paintings remind me of the impressionism feature such as her use of bright colors and brush strokes. Her painting that I have included below, titled Ribbons of Fire is a great example of how many of the techniques used during the impressionistic era can still be seen in art today. I really love how the fireweed does not have the small details of every flower, but you can still see how bright they are in the summer. Although this artist uses a different paint compared to mostly oil paintings in the 1870’s, the mixing watercolors can still create a similar effect.

Nikkinne, Ribbons of Fire, n.d., Water color on Yupo, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Works Cited

http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/FrenchImpressionists/intro/impressionists.html

http://www.claudemonetgallery.org/The-Artist’s-Garden-at-Vetheuil–1880.html

http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/queen-marie-antoinette-of-france-and-two-of-her-children-walking-in-the-park-of-trianon/AwGGo0NUum8ruw?hl=en

http://www.nikkinne.com/large-view/Flowers/186176-2-0-5145/Printmaking/Figurative.html?thumbnails=on

http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg86/gg86-51906.0.html